People, process, delivery and AI. Fixed properly, and measured.

Frameworks

Every framework runs on people.

SAFe, Disciplined Agile, Shape Up, Scrum, Kanban, Lean, Team Topologies, OKRs and DORA give you structure. Each one also has core values about people, and each one fails the same way when they're ignored. Here's how they map onto the model, and the people trap in each.

Where they meet the model

Each framework practice, mapped to the dimension it depends on.

SAFe, from core values to release trains

Every level of SAFe depends on a dimension of the model. Read it top to bottom.

  1. 01

    Core values

    Alignment, transparency, respect for people, relentless improvement

    In the modelThe manifesto: standards and care

  2. 02

    Lean-Agile mindset and principles

    Take an economic view, apply systems thinking, unlock intrinsic motivation

    In the modelStandards and care

  3. 03

    Portfolio

    Strategic themes, lean budgets, WSJF

    In the modelClarity, Outcomes

  4. 04

    Agile Release Train

    A team of teams on a shared cadence

    In the modelCadence, Agreements

  5. 05

    PI Planning

    Shared plan, shared objectives, shared risks

    In the modelClarity, Trust

  6. 06

    Iteration and system demo

    Working output every two weeks

    In the modelOutcomes, Reliability

  7. 07

    Inspect and Adapt

    Measure, reflect, improve every PI

    In the modelMeasures, Cadence

  8. 08

    The team

    Built-in quality, collective ownership

    In the modelReliability, Capability

Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe 6.0)

SAFe

A framework for aligning many teams around shared goals, through release trains, a common cadence and lean portfolio management.

Core values

AlignmentTransparencyRespect for peopleRelentless improvement

SAFe's four core values. Two are about standards (alignment, relentless improvement) and two are about care (transparency, respect for people).

Where it meets the model

  • Strategic themes and portfolio vision Connect the enterprise strategy to the work of every train. Clarity
  • WSJF Weighted Shortest Job First: prioritise by cost of delay divided by job size. Outcomes
  • Agile Release Trains A long-lived team of agile teams (typically 50 to 125 people) that plans, commits and delivers together. Cadence
  • PI Planning Everyone on the train plans the next Planning Interval together, face to face, every 8 to 12 weeks. Clarity
  • PI objectives Business-facing objectives each team commits to, with business value agreed by stakeholders. Outcomes
  • System demo The whole train shows integrated, working output every iteration. Outcomes
  • Inspect and Adapt A train-wide retrospective and problem-solving workshop at the end of every PI. Cadence
  • Built-in quality Quality is built in from the start, not inspected in at the end. Reliability
  • Capacity allocation Agree up front how much capacity goes to new features versus enablers and tech debt. Agreements
  • Innovation and Planning iteration A buffer iteration for innovation, learning and planning at the end of each PI. Energy
  • Lean-Agile leadership Leaders who lead by example, develop people and remove impediments. Capability
  • Flow metrics Measure flow velocity, time, load, efficiency, distribution and predictability. Measures

The people trap

SAFe fails when it becomes ceremony: PI Planning as a slide-reading exercise, objectives set above the teams' heads, and a 'release train' that's really a schedule. The values only work when leaders live them: respect for people means people shape the plan.

Source: Scaled Agile, Inc. (scaledagileframework.com)

Disciplined Agile (PMI)

Disciplined Agile

A toolkit for choosing your own way of working (your WoW), based on context rather than a single prescribed method.

Core values

Delight customersBe awesomeContext countsBe pragmaticChoice is goodOptimise flowEnterprise awareness

The seven principles of the Disciplined Agile mindset.

Where it meets the model

  • Choose your WoW Teams choose and evolve their own way of working, from a range of proven options. Agreements
  • Context counts What works depends on your team, your domain and your constraints. Clarity
  • Delight customers Go beyond satisfying requirements to delighting the people you serve. Outcomes
  • Optimise flow Improve the whole value stream, not just your part of it. Measures
  • Be awesome Work with awesome people, and help each other become more awesome. Capability
  • Enterprise awareness Act in the interest of the whole organisation, not just your team. Trust

The people trap

Choice is good until nobody chooses. 'Choose your WoW' fails when the choice is made for the team, or never revisited. The people who do the work must own the way it's done.

Source: Project Management Institute (pmi.org/disciplined-agile)

Shape Up (Basecamp)

Shape Up

Fixed-time, variable-scope product development: shape the work, bet on it, and give a small team six weeks to ship it.

Core values

Fixed time, variable scopeAppetite, not estimatesSmall teams, full responsibilityNo backlogs

The ideas at the heart of Ryan Singer's Shape Up (2019).

Where it meets the model

  • Shaping Senior people define the problem, the boundaries and a rough solution before anyone commits. Clarity
  • Appetite Decide how much time the problem is worth, not how long it will take. Outcomes
  • The betting table A small group bets on shaped pitches for the next cycle. No backlog. Agreements
  • Six-week cycles Long enough to build something meaningful, short enough to feel the deadline. Cadence
  • Cool-down Two weeks between cycles to fix bugs, explore and recover. Energy
  • Circuit breaker Work that isn't done in the cycle doesn't automatically get more time. Reliability
  • Hill charts Show progress as figuring things out (uphill) and getting them done (downhill). Measures
  • Teams own the scope The team decides what to cut to ship on time. Trust

The people trap

Shape Up depends on trust both ways. Shaping in an ivory tower, or betting without the team's input, turns it into waterfall with shorter deadlines.

Source: Ryan Singer, Shape Up (basecamp.com/shapeup)

Scrum (Scrum Guide 2020)

Scrum

A lightweight framework for teams to deliver value in short, fixed-length sprints, inspecting and adapting as they go.

Core values

CommitmentFocusOpennessRespectCourage

The five Scrum values from the Scrum Guide.

Where it meets the model

  • Sprint Goal One objective for the sprint that gives the team focus and flexibility. Clarity
  • Sprint Review Inspect the outcome with stakeholders and adapt what comes next. Outcomes
  • Sprint Retrospective Plan ways to improve quality and effectiveness. Cadence
  • Daily Scrum Fifteen minutes to inspect progress towards the goal, not a status report. Cadence
  • Definition of Done A shared, explicit standard every increment must meet. Reliability
  • Self-managing teams The team decides who does what, when and how. Trust

The people trap

Scrum's values (openness, courage) are the part most teams skip. Without them, retros go quiet, stand-ups become status theatre and the Definition of Done quietly shrinks.

Source: Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland, The Scrum Guide (scrumguides.org)

The Kanban Method

Kanban

Start with what you do now, make work visible, limit work in progress and improve flow step by step.

Core values

Visualise the workLimit work in progressManage flowMake policies explicitImplement feedback loopsImprove collaboratively

The six general practices of the Kanban Method.

Where it meets the model

  • WIP limits Stop starting, start finishing. The simplest way to say no. Clarity
  • Explicit policies Write down how work moves, so everyone plays by the same rules. Agreements
  • Flow metrics Lead time, cycle time and throughput, measured, not guessed. Measures
  • Feedback loops Regular replenishment, delivery and service reviews. Cadence

The people trap

A board isn't a method. Kanban fails when WIP limits are ignored the moment someone senior asks for something, which makes it a people problem, not a board problem.

Source: David J. Anderson, Kanban (2010)

Lean and the Toyota Way

Lean and the Toyota Way

Two pillars: continuous improvement, and respect for people. Go and see where the work happens.

Core values

Continuous improvementRespect for people

The two pillars of the Toyota Way.

Where it meets the model

  • Genchi genbutsu Go and see for yourself, where the work actually happens. Trust
  • Kaizen Small, continuous improvements by the people doing the work. Agreements
  • Stop the line Anyone can stop the work when they see a problem, and is thanked for it. Reliability
  • Develop people Build people before building products. Capability

The people trap

Organisations copy the tools (boards, 5S, value stream maps) and skip the second pillar. Lean without respect for people is just cost-cutting.

Source: Jeffrey Liker, The Toyota Way (2004)

Team Topologies

Team Topologies

Organise teams for fast flow: four team types, three interaction modes, and team cognitive load as the limit.

Core values

Team firstFast flowCognitive loadConway's law

The core ideas of Matthew Skelton and Manuel Pais's Team Topologies (2019).

Where it meets the model

  • Stream-aligned teams Teams aligned to a flow of work from a business domain. Outcomes
  • Platform and enabling teams Teams that reduce the load on others, rather than add to it. Capability
  • Cognitive load Don't give a team more than it can hold in its head. Energy
  • Interaction modes Collaboration, X-as-a-Service, facilitating: be explicit about how teams work together. Agreements

The people trap

Reorganising boxes doesn't change how people work together. Topologies fail when teams are redrawn without their input, or when cognitive load is ignored to save headcount.

Source: Matthew Skelton and Manuel Pais, Team Topologies (2019)

Objectives and Key Results

OKRs

A goal-setting system: an inspiring objective, and a few measurable key results that show progress towards it.

Core values

FocusAlignmentCommitmentTrackingStretch

The 'superpowers' John Doerr describes in Measure What Matters (2018).

Where it meets the model

  • Objectives What you want to achieve, in words people care about. Clarity
  • Key results How you'll know: outcomes, not activities. Outcomes
  • Regular check-ins Review progress often enough to change course. Cadence

The people trap

When key results become performance targets, people sandbag them. Goodhart's law: a measure that becomes a target stops being a good measure.

Source: John Doerr, Measure What Matters (2018)

DORA and Accelerate

DORA

Research-backed measures of software delivery performance, and the culture that predicts it.

Core values

Deployment frequencyLead time for changesChange failure rateTime to restore service

The four key DORA metrics, from the research behind Accelerate (2018).

Where it meets the model

  • Four key metrics Speed and stability, measured together. Measures
  • Generative culture Westrum's model: information flows freely, messengers aren't shot, failure leads to enquiry. Trust
  • Fast recovery Restore quickly, learn without blame. Reliability

The people trap

Teams game the metrics the moment they're used to compare teams. DORA's own research says culture comes first: a generative culture predicts performance.

Source: Nicole Forsgren, Jez Humble and Gene Kim, Accelerate (2018)

Toolkit Thursday

One framework a week, in 60 seconds, with the people trap in each.

WkFrameworkAreaWeek of
1WSJF vs RICEPeople26 Oct 2026
2SBI feedbackPeople2 Nov
3Cost of delayProcess9 Nov
4Eisenhower matrixPeople16 Nov
5Radical CandorPeople23 Nov
6SLOs and error budgetsTechnology30 Nov
7Bus factorPeople7 Dec
870/20/10 learningPeople14 Dec
9Incident command rolesTechnology21 Dec
10Situational leadershipPeople28 Dec
11OKRs vs KPIsProcess4 Jan 2027
12ADKARProcess11 Jan
13Delegation pokerPeople18 Jan
14Value stream mappingProcess25 Jan
15Tuckman's stagesPeople1 Feb
1630-60-90 day planPeople8 Feb
17Story points vs no estimatesProcess15 Feb
18Five whysTechnology22 Feb
19Psychological safetyPeople1 Mar
20MoSCoWProcess8 Mar
21RAID logPeople15 Mar
22Kano modelProcess22 Mar
23Team TopologiesProcess29 Mar
24Conway's lawProcess5 Apr
25GROW coaching modelPeople12 Apr
26Westrum culture modelTechnology19 Apr
27Career laddersPeople26 Apr
28Jobs to be doneProcess3 May
29Span of controlProcess10 May
30Pre-mortemPeople17 May
31Tech radarTechnology24 May
32The three signs of burnoutPeople31 May
33CynefinTechnology7 Jun
349-box gridPeople14 Jun
35Opportunity solution treeProcess21 Jun
36Plan-do-check-actProcess28 Jun
37Dunbar's numberPeople5 Jul
38Theory of constraintsProcess12 Jul
39WIP limits and Little's LawTechnology19 Jul
40The STATE modelPeople26 Jul
41Kanban vs ScrumPeople2 Aug
42DORA metricsProcess9 Aug
43SPACE frameworkPeople16 Aug
44Strangler fig patternTechnology23 Aug
45Pairing and mobbingPeople30 Aug
46RACI vs DACIPeople6 Sep
47Toil budgetsTechnology13 Sep
48The change curvePeople20 Sep
49North Star metricProcess27 Sep
50Wardley mappingTechnology4 Oct
51Kotter's 8 stepsProcess11 Oct
52The Runs on People modelPeople18 Oct